Effect of Ethylene on Musa Acuminata Ripeness

Effect of Ethylene on Musa Acuminata Ripeness Introduction The purpose of the experiment is to determine whether the amount of ethylene would affect the rate of ripeness of Musa acuminata. It is hypothesized that the amount of ethylene does affect the rate of ripeness of M. acuminata. The more the ethylene, the faster M. acuminata will ripen. This is because it stimulates plant response when it gets to the plant tissue. It is hypothesized that the banana with two slices of apple will ripen the fastest, followed by the banana with one slice of apple, and finally the control group, which consists of only a banana and no apples. Ethylene, also known as ethene, is a naturally occurring gas that is produced by ripening fruits. The chemical formula for ethylene is C2H4. Ethylene, which is shown in Figure 1, is a member of the alkene family, which includes any chemical that contains two carbons connected by a double bond and two other single bonds can be formed for each carbon (1, 2, 3). Ethylene can be used intentionally to ripen fruits. Some characteristics of ethylene are that its vapors from a boiling liquid are lighter than air and thus can rise easily, that it can easily be ignited, that it is not toxic at all (4). Ethylene affects plants by influencing plants growth, development, and how long they can be stored. External sources of ethylene can also have similar influence on fruits. A fruit produces significantly more ethylene during some stages of its development and when there are abiotic or biotic changes happening to it. A plant is affected and influenced when it is exposed to ethylene in the environment surrounding it or when it is close to a fruit that is producing excessive amounts of ethylene. The main purpose of having external sources of ethylene is to ripen fruits (1). Ethylene can only be produced under a condition where there is enough oxygen and not too much of carbon dioxide. The same condition must happen for ethylene to influence the fruits. Ethylene is spread throughout the fruit by diffusion. The rate of the production and diffusion depends what the stage of plant development that the plant is going through (1). Climacteric fruits, such as tomato, apple, pear, and melon, are those that increase the amount of ethylene significantly during the process of ripening. On the other hand, non-climacteric fruits, such as grape, orange, and pineapple, are those fruits that do not produce an excessive amount of ethylene during the process of ripening (1). Ethylene can only affect nearby tissue when it is produced in climacteric fruits or fruits that are injured. Examples of injured fruits or vegetables are when they are peeled, sliced, cut, or any kind of preparation or processing actions. For non-climacteric fruits that are not ripening yet, ethylene can reduce or slow down the production of itself. That means that when it is not ripening, a fruit that follows that criteria will not ripen so fast since the production of ethylene is stopped by ethylene itself. When climacteric fruits start to ripen, the ethylene leads to its own synthesis and a lot more of ethylene is produced. Because of this, the concentration of ethylene in the fruit increases rapidly and reaches such a high level that external ethylene source no longer has effects on the fruit (1). There is little effect when the external source of ethylene for fruits like apples and bananas is reduced, because the fruit itself has the ability to resist the diffusion and the fruit can produce ethylene at a very fast rate that exceeds the rate of diffusion of ethylene leaving the fruit to the surrounding (1). External ethylene source includes other plants, smoke, compressed ethylene gas, and chemicals that release ethylene. When a fruit is has just started to ripen, the concentration of ethylene in the fruit is low. At this time, reducing external ethylene source helps to slow down or delay the process of ripening significantly. When a fruit is wounded, which means that it is damaged, the rate of the production of ethylene increases. This leads to the fruit ripening earlier than normal or at a faster rate. The interactions between ethylene and the plants environment is also shown in Figure 2 (1). Ethylene production can be accelerated when there is external influence, such as injuries or wounds on the fruit. This causes the fruit to ripen faster since more ethylene was being produced. However, the result of external influence and internal development ultimately results in the same thing causing the fruit to ripen faster. As a result, it is difficult to tell if the fruit was ripening at a faster rate because it was damaged or if it was at that stage of plant development (5). External and internal ethylene sources like pollution, ethylene in the surrounding, ethylene production, and stress, both abiotic and biotic, all affect the plant tissue. When the plant tissue is influenced, it stimulates plant responses, such as producing excessive amounts of ethylene to start the ripening process (1). One way that this plant response can be delayed or slowed down is to store the fruit in a place like the refrigerator, where the temperature would be low so that the quality of the fruit can be preserved. Since ethylene can only be produced under a condition where there is enough oxygen and not too much carbon dioxide, lowering the amount of oxygen around the fruit can also slow down the process of ripening. In addition, the rate of the process of ripening can also be reduced by increasing the amount of carbon dioxide around the area so that ethylene cannot be produced as effectively (1). Ethylene in bananas causes the banana to lose chlorophyll and turn into a yellow color from a green color. When ethylene is removed or reduced, the color changes can be delayed and the fruit can be stored for a longer period of time (1). Ethylene can cause a fruit to be softened and produce a different or stronger aroma, texture, and taste. Usually, ripened fruits become sweeter than unripe fruits. In addition, the difference of the amount of ascorbic acid between ripened fruits and unripe fruits is not very significant (1). Figure 1: Ethylene Figure 2: Ethylene interactions with plants and environment Bibliography Saltreit, Mikal E. Effect of Ethylene on Quality of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. Postharvest Biology and Techonology 15 (1999): 279-92. 11 Nov. 1998. Web. 27 Oct. 2016. http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-2189.pdf. ethylene (H2C=CH2). Encyclopaedia Britannia. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 2016. Web. 19 Oct. 2016. http://www.britannica.com/science/ethylene. OLeary, Donal. Alkenes Chemical Properties. Alkenes. 2000. Web 29 Oct. 2016 http://www.ucc.ie/academic/chem/dolchem/html/dict/alkenes.html. ETHYLENE. National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2016. http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Ethene#section=Top. Abe, Kazuhiro, and Alley E. Watada. Ethylene Absorbent to Maintain Quality of Lightly Processed Fruits and Vegetables. Journal of Food Science 56 (1991): 1589-592. Web. 19. Oct. 2016. http://ucanr.edu/datastoreFiles/234-1777.pdf.

Quinceaneras Are Not So Bad

Are Not So Bad Girls always want a big party for that special age, Like when you are fifteen, sixteen, eighteen, and twenty-one. If you're Mexican, then you have a acquaintance which is when you are fifteen. My whole family is all about that tradition. They like to throw acquaintance parties to any girl that we have in our family. It has been an ongoing culture for years now but, I almost broke that tradition. I don't like acquaintances even if it is all fancy and pretty. I would rather go out for a very nice dinner on my fifteenth airhead.My mom had big plans for me and, for my acquaintance. Ever since I was thirteen she would plan all these things for the acquaintance; even If It was two years away. She would always ask me what Is my favorite color, what kind of design do I want, and what cake flavor do I like. I would always answer questions but, with sadness because, I really TLD want a acquaintance. I wanted something simple that I really liked Instead. I didn't want to tell my mom that I didn't want a acquaintance because, I was afraid to hurt her feelings, and the culture she has had went throughout her whole family.In acquaintances you have to dance for your guests with your chameleons, and dams. Chameleons and dams are partners that dance with you in the surprise dance. Dancing is the one thing I hate the most in acquaintances. I am very bad at it, and it makes me nervous and shy to dance In front of a lot of people. I ask my mom If I can skip that at least, but she always tells me that dancing is the most Important part of quince, and It keeps the guests motivated and Interested in the party. She Likes to have her parties big with halls decorated In big decorations, and that's also something I hate because I Like impel things.I never understood why having a acquaintance was so important to my family. I asked my mom why was it so important, and she said, â€Å"Everyone in your family has had one, including me, and I don't want to stop now. † I r eally don't want to hurt my mom, or even brake this tradition, so I am deciding to have a acquaintance. I am planning to have it simple, and nice. My mom was a little disappointed because, she already had big plans for the decorations, and the hall, but she said it was okay that I kept it simple, because it is my birthday.I understood that having a acquaintance meant a lot to her, so I wanted to help her feel happy. After I had my acquaintance party, I realized why everyone wanted to have one. The party was really amazing and fun. The hall that I had was really big, and beautiful. Also, the decorations at the party were really pretty and made the hall stand out more. I do regret having a bigger party with more family, and the way mom had planned, but I did enjoy it. I got closer to all of my family members we invited, and brake ever, and the family will all now us by our acquaintance culture.

Why You Want to Join

Welcome parents and guardians. My name isaosfh. I am a student in Ib. Ib is an intense academic program that prepares students for success in university and life in general. Every one of us has goals that they want to accomplish and succeed; Ib helps push our limits and inspires us to reach those goals. Being in high school is different compared to middle school. It has it’s ups and downs. At times the homework load is heavy, and at times it’s not. However, with the right time management and organization skills your child will be just fine. Organization is an important skill you need not only in school but through out life. During middle school you only had one or two assignments you needed to complete, but high school is very different. If you don’t organize your time well, you will be stressed out from the homework load. During the first three weeks when school began, it was a big shock. It felt as if I had lost my social life, and was spending hours staying up late trying to complete projects. This was because I had bad work habits and left everything to the last minute. Because of my disorganization, my marks weren’t as high as they could be, and I wasn’t living up to my full potential. Then one day my teacher explained to us of things we could do to create more time for ourselves. The main thing she kept saying over and over was organization. So slowly, I started to improve my work habits. My first step was using my agenda. It is now my best friend, with it I know exactly what homework we have and I can record the time periods for how long I want to work on the assignment. Instead of doing the assignment all at the last minute, I’ve started breaking it up into little pieces. I am now not as overwhelmed, and I know I’m working harder then ever. By organizing my time I have eliminated any distractions I had in the past, and complete my homework it on time and with care. I now work more efficiently and am able to accomplish tasks. I also have regained my social life!

Nursing Transformation - 1008 Words

Running head: NURSING TRANSFORMATION Nursing Transformation Author: unknown Grand Canyon University Professional Dynamics NRS-430V May 29, 2011 Nursing Transformation As the health care system trends toward a new approach to delivering care, the nursing profession must become engaged in the transformation. According to the 2010 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on nursing future, this revolution will have great impact on the nurse’s practice, education, and leadership (National Research Council, 2011). As history has unveiled, the profession, once again, has potential to grow stronger with the ever-changing world of health care. By shaping the nursing practice to conform to these changes, the demand for†¦show more content†¦The most challenging key message proposed by the IOM is the partnership nurses should formulate amongst physicians and the entire health professional team in order to compose a new health care system in the United States. This collaboration will empower the profession to transform into the leadership roles necessary to contribute decision-making improvements to the delivery of care. It will be a requisite for nurses to serve as contributing members on committees, boards, and commissions and have a voice in policy making. Nursing is reshaping into an interdisciplinary leadership model. The demographics of this model have no divisions of hierarchy, but a need for a more complex co-operative symphony. John F. Kennedy once stated, â€Å"Leadership and learning are indispensable to each other† (The Quotations Page, 1994-2012). Having said this, partnership is the key to convey cohesive leadership promoting growth from each professional’s knowledge allowing new provisions to evolve. In order for this remodeling process to offer an improved end point in the health care system, it is necessary for nurses to rise to the magnitude that is awaiting them. 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